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Cystitis

Pain in the lower abdomen with cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammatory process that affects the internal walls of the bladder.In the early stages, it mainly affects the mucous membrane and in serious cases it can spread to the body's muscle layer.

According to statistics, almost 35% of people (mainly females) at the age of 20-40 must face this pathology, represents up to 67% of all cases of urological diseases.

Important! The inflammation of the bladder is characteristic of both sexes, however, due to the anatomical characteristics, in women it occurs 6-8 times more often.A larger, straight and short urethra offers easy access to various urogenital infections.With age, the difference in the frequency of occurrence in men and women is smooth due to the growth of cases of prostatitis between elderly men and associated secondary cystitis.

The diagnostics and treatment of the pathology are engaged in a urologist.Women often have to resort to the help of a gynecologist.

Cystitis: forms and types of pathology

Depending on the presence of internal sources of inflammation, 2 types of cystitis are distinguished:

  • Primary: develops as an independent inflammation of the walls of a previously healthy bladder;most often it is found in women;
  • Secondary - was born following other ages of the urea or inflammation of the adjacent tissues and organs (for example, with prostatitis in men).

By nature of the course of the disease, they distinguish:

  • acute form;
  • Chronic form - Mixed symptoms without pain and burning are characteristic.

In the coverage area, the disease can be:

  • total or general;
  • Focal - for example, a cervical shape with damage to the neck of the bladder;
  • With the injury of the happy ureteral triangle (trigonite).

Note!The focus of inflammation can cover the entire urinary system - in such cases, cystitis is the first clinical manifestation of kidney stone diseases or pielonefritis.

Given the changes observed in the injury area, distinguish:

  • Catarrale - Classic acute inflammatory process with damage only to mucous tissues;It is accompanied by severe hype, swelling and release of serous exudate (serous form);In a neglected case, it can go to a purulent form (with the release of purulent exudate);
  • Phlegiamone - a special type of purulent inflammation with purulent damage paid to the submucous layer;
  • Granulomatoso - accompanied by abundant skin eruptions on the organs of the organ;
  • Hemorrhagic - an inflammatory process, accompanied by the release of blood in the urine;
  • interstitial - with the involvement of deep muscle layers;
  • ulcer - with the formation of characteristic ulcerations of the mucous membrane of the internal walls;
  • Inlapping - For non -long -looking non -brain ulcers they are covered with salts;
  • cystic - with the formation of cysts on the submucous organ;
  • Gangrenous - with fabric murder.

Given the reasons, the whole variety of cases is divided into 2 large groups of infectious and non -infectious cystitis.

Infectious forms They develop under the influence of various urogenital and general infections.Distinguish:

  • Specific pathologies - pathogens (mainly bacteria) - clamidia, gonococci, etc.;
  • Non-specific pathologies-the source of the disease are a variety of representatives of the conditioned pathogenic flora

Note!In rare cases, cystitis can occur in response to the infection from tuberculosis of the kidneys.The disease is accompanied by a pronounced clinical picture.

Non -infectious cystitis - develop following non -biological damage to the organ mucous membranes.There are different types of pathological effects:

  • Radial impact - negative on the fabric of radiotherapy or radio exposure;
  • Allergic or autoimmune reaction - pathological body to allergens (mainly personal hygiene products) or antigens of their tissues;
  • traumatic - with chopped or cut wounds, with damage to the walls with urinary stones, catheter, foreign bodies; 
  • Parasite - Under the influence of toxic parasites, in particular the bloodlift of the blood (type of flat worms);The risk area mainly includes travelers in the Middle East and Central Asia;
  • Thermal - with burns, when washing with too hot solutions;
  • chemical toxic, when exposed to aggressive substances: drugs, concentrated metabolites, poisonous substances, etc.;

How cystitis occurs: causes of pathology

The vast majority of cystitis has an infectious nature.In this case, the causal agent can become both conditionally pathogenic pathogenic bacteria.coli, streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci and frequent representatives of Uogenital-Gagococci, Tricomonas infection, etc.

However, the aggression of microorganisms is not the main cause of the disease.For its successful effect, the body should be weakened by the influence of external factors and adverse interiors.These include:

  • Chronic infections in other body systems: dear damage, intestinal diseases, various forms of acute respiratory viral infections, gynecological inflammations and MST;
  • vitaminosis and hypovitaminosis against the background of a unbalanced diet;
  • Physical, nervous, mental, mental, as well as insomnia and lack of night sleep;
  • strong psycho -emotional stress;
  • General weakening of the immune system, included with prolonged use of immunosuppressants;
  • The hypothermia of the body, the effect of sudden variations in temperature - for women sometimes it is sufficient to sit on a cold surface to start the inflammatory process in the pelvic organs, including the bladder;
  • High sexual activity in the absence of a permanent partner (non -traditional sexual practices and unprotected sex are particularly dangerous);
  • Stagnant phenomena in the work of the pelvic-sedentary organs and a sedentary lifestyle in general, frequent constipation, incomplete emptying due to the restrictions of urethra or bladder tumors, as well as a trivial habit of "enduring the last"; 
  • Hygiene of the scarce or improper body - In 90% of cases, the pathogen of cystitis is the e.coli, who enters the bladder by the rectum;
  • Wear synthetic linen, in particular tight, tightening the pelvic organs;
  • abnormal development of the urinary organs;
  • injuries and surgical interventions on the pelvic organs;
  • Acute and fatty foods.

Separately, the cause of the disease should be mentioned endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, intake of hormonal drugs) and general fluctuations in hormonal background.This last reason is particularly characteristic of the female body, when the exacerbations of cystitis accompany periods of menstruation, pregnancy or menopause.

Symptoms of the disease

The first symptoms of cystitis are an increase in urination and discomfort in the lower abdomen.Otherwise, it all depends on the shape of the disease and its cause. 

General list of possible features:

  • frequent urination, sometimes false;
  • Urine has a muddy color, impurities of the blood (hematuria) and pus are possible;
  • pain in the lower abdomen (it can be administered to the lower back);
  • carving and burning in the urination process;
  • Constant feeling of the fullness of the bladder;
  • Urine acquires an unpleasant smell;
  • daily or nocturnal enuresis;
  • Improve body temperature and general weakness.

In rare cases of acute form, chills, nausea, vomiting are possible.

Important! This disease is not characterized by a temperature greater than 37.5 degrees.If there is an excess of this indicator, it is necessary to examine the entire urinary system - perhaps the inflammatory process has reached the kidneys.

In women, the pathology often proceeds in acute form and is accompanied by a classic set of symptoms.

Men are characterized by a chronic course of the disease with greased symptoms, which is often accompanied by signs of concomitant diseases of the sexual sphere (for example, balanopostitis or urethritis).

Diagnostics

A clear symptom of the disease allows you to make the main diagnosis after talking to the patient and palpation.Further methods of instrumental and laboratory examination allow you to establish the type and shape of the disease, identify the pathogen (with infectious lesion) and prescribe the most effective therapeutic complex.

Instrumental diagnostics:

  • Ecoscopy (ultrasound) - determines the degree of inflammatory process, allows you to simultaneously evaluate the state of urinary and sexual systems;
  • Endoscopy (cystoscopy) - Examination of the bladder cavity using the optical system of the cystoscope allows you to evaluate the state of the internal tag, identify possible pathologies and neoplasms;performed only after the disappearance of acute phenomena;
  • Cystography is an X -ray exam that uses an X -Raoge contract.

Laboratory search:

  • General urine analysis - check the level of pH, concentration of leukocytes, red blood cells, salts of protein and uric acid;
  • study of urine sediments for more accurate results;
  • Baksev - to identify an infectious pathogen;
  • Tissue biopsy, followed by an histological examination;
  • PCR diagnostics, effective as possible when identifying sexual infections.

In some cases, the doctor may prescribe an analysis for blood biochemistry: it allows you to trace the characteristics of the functioning of the body with changes in the concentration of the main electrolytes (potassium, sodium, calcium), as well as evaluating the activity of the enzyme systems.

For women, it is important to conduct a gynecological examination due to the presence of "female" inflammations, which often become the cause or consequence of cystitis.

Attention! Often, urea inflammation is a symptom of a more serious disease, therefore a differential diagnosis is needed for tuberculosis, prostatitis (in men), cancer tumors, etc.

How is the treatment going?

The acute form of cystitis is easily and quickly in chronic, so it is very important to react to the first signs of the disease in time and correctly.

Attention! Often, after the acute manifestation of the first symptoms, inflammation comes independently.This does not mean that the patient has recovered: the disease can go "underground" and a more in -depth diagnosis of the body is needed to identify the hidden pathological process.

Treatment, as a rule, complex, using conservative methods.With a competent approach, the result is favorable.Surgery is required only in the most advanced cases.

The main list of appointments:

  • drug therapy;
  • regime saved;
  • abundant drink;
  • Compliance with the diet.

In chronic forms to restore the functionality of the bladder, a physiotherapy complex is assigned.

Pharmacological treatment:

  • Antibiotics - in chronic forms, they make an individual selection of drugs based on Bakposev's results;
  • Diuretics - diuretics increase the outflow of urine, washing the pathogenic flora and reducing the concentration of irritating substances;
  • antispasmodic;
  • Vitamin preparations.

To prevent the pathogenic effect of a large number of chemicals, the degrees are actively used with cystitis, mainly anti -inflammatory and diuretic: stubborn, lingonberio, kidney tea (orthosyhone), vegetable garden of San Giovanni, spray, chamomile, parsley.A good effect is given by drugs based on vegetable materials.

Attention! The abundant drinking with cystitis is necessarily!The minimum volume of pure water is 2 liters.Recommended-2,5-3 liters.

Features of the diet:

  • Exclude all the marinades, the sharp spices, the pickles, the desserts, the smoked and fried foods, as well as alcohol, tea, coffee, sweet soda;Diet salt should be eliminated to the maximum (!);
  • Reduce the amount of meat, fish, poultry, in particular fat varieties; 
  • Lattiero -caseari products are consumed in small quantities: low -fat cottage, yogurt, milk, low fat and unsolved cheese;
  • increase the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruit (great preference for watermelon, pumpkin);
  • To prevent constipation in the diet, bran content, cereals and vegetable oils should be increased.

Characteristics of cystitis in pregnant women

Changing the hormonal background during pregnancy creates prerequisites to suppress the work of the immune system, which increases the risks of developing various inflammatory processes.The slightest hypothermia, a slight violation of the rules of hygiene and even the usual climate change (the body considers it stress) can cause inflammation of the bladder.

When you carry a child, especially in the late stages of pregnancy, the pressure on the bladder due to the increase in the uterus increases.On the one hand, this causes stagnant phenomena in the pelvic area and contributes to the development of cystitis, on the other, aggravates the manifestation of its symptoms, in particular:

  • The frequency of urination increases;
  • The feeling of pressure in the bladder becomes constant and does not stop even after emptying.

Treatment during pregnancy is difficult due to the prohibition of the use of most antibacterial agents: they can negatively affect the full development of the fetus.Alternatively, the instillation method is used: the introduction of antibacterial agents saved by local action directly in the bladder cavity.The procedure is performed in the hospital under the control of medical staff.

Attention! Cystitis during pregnancy is dangerous for its complications.The high load on the kidneys during the gestation period requires constant monitoring of the state of the urinary system and urgent hospitalization in the event of spreading the inflammation to its higher departments.

How to warn the disease?

To prevent inflammatory processes in the urinary system, it is sufficient to adhere to the following rules:

  • Avoid the hypothermia of the lower body: do not sit on the cold surface, keep your legs hot.
  • Exclude high and salty products from the diet.
  • They treat sexual infections timely, as well as other outbreaks of inflammatory processes (including caries).
  • Refuse synthetic materials, especially in the composition of underwear.Avoid a pelvic area of narrow and tight clothing.
  • In the presence of sedentary works, perform regular 10-15 minutes breaks with a heating.
  • Attentively observe the rules of personal hygiene (especially for women) - when they wash and dry after defecation, all movements should be directed in the direction back.The lower underwear should have changed every day.During menstruation, it is necessary to change the gaskets and the swabs as often as possible.
  • Try to urinate in time - to the first "call of nature", do not tolerate - this causes stagnation of the urine and lengthens the walls of the bladder.Natural-urinated 5-6 times during the day.

Frequent recurring cystitis for prevention purposes, it is necessary to drink a glass of blueberry juice per day: its pronounced antibacterial properties will prevent the disease or significantly reduce the frequency of its manifestations.